1) Bazarov's nihilism is manifested in his denial of art, he believed that science is the most important thing. "A decent chemist is twenty times more useful than any poet." Bazarov denied love and feelings, the word "Romanticism" was an insult to him. He also had an independent character and in part he was an egoist and believed that his beliefs were the most correct.

2) I have an ambiguous opinion about Bazarov, on the one hand I support him, but on the other - no.

I support him in terms of his passion for science, because if there were no people like him, the world would not develop. Wrong for me seems to be his complete rejection of art and so on, because a person must develop not only in one direction, but in several. In general, my opinion about Bazarov is more positive than negative. It would be interesting for me to talk with a person like Bazarov, it seems to me that such people give motivation to act and learn something new.

3) the love stories of Pavel Petrovich and Bazarov are somewhat similar to each other. Anna Sergeevna and the Princess. R., were similar in their behavior and character, they were both cold and on their own. Pavel Petrovich's love was very difficult, because he loved the Princess. R., but she didn’t care about him, and later learning about her death, Pavel Petrovich went to his brother in the village and for a long time could not forget his love. Everything was easier with Bazarov, because he denied his feelings and lived quietly, and Anna Sergeevna also does not show her love, maybe they suffered from this, but the author did not describe this

Updated: 2017-11-26

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Lesson Objectives: get acquainted with the interpretation of the concept of "nihilism"; compare the concept of "nihilism" and the views of Bazarov.

During the classes

I. Checking homework

1. Students read out all the options for the definitions of the concept of "nihilism". If necessary, the teacher completes the answers:

Nihilism- this...

- (from Lat, nihil - "nothing") the denial of generally accepted values: ideals, moral norms, culture, forms of social life. (Big Encyclopedic Dictionary)

- “an ugly and immoral doctrine that rejects everything that cannot be felt (Explanatory Dictionary of V. Dahl)

- “naked denial of everything, logically unjustified skepticism (Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language)

- “the philosophy of skepticism that arose in Russia in the 19th century at the beginning of the reign of Alexander II. Previously, the term was applied to certain heresies in the Middle Ages. In Russian literature, the term nihilism was first used, perhaps, by N. Nadezhdin in an article in Vestnik Evropy ... Nadezhdin ... equated nihilism with skepticism. ( M. Katkov)

2. Checking the filling of the table. Four students at the blackboard fill in the table (one item of the table each). Students check their charts against the chart on the board. Supplement answering or their records.

3. Conclusion and answer to the question:

(Bazarov's beliefs fit the definition of nihilistic. The denial of everything and everyone: moral principles, art, feelings. Bazarov explained all life phenomena from the point of view of science, materialism. All this was collected and described by Turgenev in the image of Bazarov.)

II. Work on the text of the novel

In order to better understand the essence of the way of thinking of Bazarov's nihilist, let's turn to the three dialogic scenes of the novel, which reveal the main postulates of the nihilistic picture of the world.

When do we first hear the word "nihilist" and who is present?

(The brothers Kirsanov and Arkady take part in the first scene taking place over morning tea. It was here that the word “nihilist” was first heard, seriously alarming the older generation, denoting a critical attitude towards all existing “authorities” and “principles” (“nihilist - he is a man who does not bow to any authority, who does not take a single principle on faith, no matter how respected that principle may be surrounded.")

What was the purpose of this word and what was the reaction to it?

(Arcady, an involuntary troublemaker, is no longer interested in the meaning of what he says, but in the actual rebellious nature of the words he utters and their stunning effect on his father and uncle. They experience a similar state precisely from the realization of everything they heard. For Pavel Petrovich, a nihilist is , first of all, the one who "does not bow" to any experience. However, people who refuse the past, in his opinion, are doomed to "exist in a void, in an airless space. " Pavel Petrovich concludes his conversation with the young reformer with such a dramatic conclusion. )

The second scene, already with Bazarov, significantly deepens the idea of ​​nihilistic consciousness. The nihilist himself appears at the table, which causes a new round in the development of the previous conversation.

How does the conversation change with the appearance of Bazarov?

(Speaking of the non-recognition of authorities, Bazarov corrects Arkady’s recent statement about a nihilist, softens it, allowing himself to recognize what he considers a “deed.” But even in this situation, he remains true to his convictions. If Bazarov is inclined to accept something, then only only passed through one’s own “I”: “they will tell me the case, I will agree ...”, - that is, exclusively personal experience is put at the forefront, and not what is verified by time is authoritative and generally accepted.)

Teacher's comment.

Two weeks later, in a direct “fight” with Pavel Petrovich, Bazarov openly declares to his opponent that one can do without the “logic of history”, otherwise, without knowledge of the objective laws of social development without being included in the general process of historical time, in order to find one’s place in the progressive movement of history.

However, the general denial of Turgenev's hero was not spontaneous and, all the more, aimless. It had a specific historical justification, due to the opposition of the "new" people to the noble aristocracy. Associating the hardships of Russian life with him alone (it is no coincidence that Turgenev's novel opens with pictures of a pre-reform village), the democratic hero, naturally, does not want to have anything in common with the legacy of the "fathers".

(The writer’s appeal to the picture gives the reader the opportunity to realize the democratic origins of Bazarov’s denial, that Bazarov embodies the single essence of the most radical aspirations in Russian society on the eve of the peasant reform. The catastrophic picture of people’s life and the figure of Bazarov against its background are perceived as something indissoluble, interdependent.)

What especially attracted your attention in the picture of the village that opened up to Arkady?

(A piercingly terrible desolation in everything: “Churches ... with plaster falling off in some places ... with leaning crosses and ruined cemeteries”; “like beggars in rags ... roadside willows with peeled bark and broken branches; emaciated, rough, as if gnawed , cows ";" peasants ... all shabby, on bad nags "... in churches, nature, people, animals, cemeteries ... Some kind of all-encompassing" shabby "! And everything around is unusually reduced, insignificant, sick. Moreover “insignificance” and “disease” are closely related in the description of peasant life: “tiny ponds with thin dams”, “villages with low huts under dark, often half-swept roofs”, “crooked threshing sheds.” Against the backdrop of a painfully shredded rural world the only thing that impresses with its size is the "yawning gates" of the threshing sheds "near the empty humens".)

What is the role of the third scene?

(In the third scene of the “fight” - the heroes, the conflict-forming parties were especially sharply identified, represented by two diametrically opposed public consciousnesses - democratic and liberal: the “doctor” against the “aristocrat” and vice versa. Bazarov is deeply annoyed by Pavel Petrovich’s reasoning about the historical role of the English aristocracy, about dignity, duty, respect for the individual.)

III. teacher's word

Bazarov is a smart and deep person. His nihilistic consciousness largely stems from his inherent all-encompassing knowledge of Russian life, in which there is everything: “vulgarity”, “doctrinalism”, “lack of honest people”, endless talk about parliamentarism ... but where there is no main thing - “deeds”. Denying all really existing forms of social structure, economic life, culture, life, Bazarov can offer nothing in return, except for a frantic desire to destroy, according to his firm conviction, the old, obsolete. In this sense, the position of the hero is deeply dramatic, since there is no support in the past and a vision of the future.

IV. Analytical conversation

As we have already discussed in previous lessons, Bazarov was greatly influenced by A. S. Odintsova, love for her.

How did this influence affect the nihilist Bazarov?

(Now the hero perceives the world not as a naturalist, but with inner vision, “the eyes of the soul.” In this state, he ceases to be dependent on the power of ideas, becomes, thanks to his own spiritual power, invulnerable to them. Bazarov is convinced that, in addition to his chosen goal, denial old way of life - and movement towards it, in human life there are values ​​​​more important and necessary for the preservation and development of human life itself. One of them is the ability to see the world as a single, unique and accept this world in its own significance. This discovery became the basis for Bazarov a deep spiritual crisis that presented him no longer as a goal hero, but as a reflective hero.)

Can you give examples of the manifestation of the "updated" Bazarov?

(Bazarov tells Arkady about “that aspen” from childhood, the memories of which are alive and dear to him. He wants to be perceived not as “a state or society”, that is, something impersonal, but separately, isolated from Moreover, having previously perceived man as a well-coordinated biological organism, he unexpectedly agrees with the idea that every person is a mystery.")

What is the spiritual crisis of Bazarov?

(Acutely aware of his personal “I”, Bazarov painfully experiences the finiteness of his existence against the background of the eternal existence of nature. Previously so familiar and useful (“Nature is not a temple, but a workshop, and a person is a worker in it”), she begins to cause Bazarov dull irritation and bitter thoughts about their own insignificance and abandonment in the vast universe (“The narrow place that I occupy is so tiny in comparison with the rest of the space where I am not and where I don’t care ...”), about their temporality and randomness in the general flow of time, where, according to the hero, “I was not and will not be.” He cannot reconcile himself to the idea that a person before eternity is just an “atom”, “a mathematical point.” And therefore he speaks of life as about “ugliness.” In such a state, it is difficult to think about some kind of Philip or Sidor who will come after you, who have gone forever, all the more so to devote your “instant” life to them.)

How do you think these conclusions of the hero are connected with the feelings of the author himself?

(The inescapable longing of Bazarov from the awareness of the brevity of human existence is directly related to the worldview of Turgenev himself, the "tragic setting of the spirit" of the writer.)

What way out does Turgenev offer for man?

(Turgenev described one way out in Notes of a Hunter - to dissolve in nature, to enter the spontaneous course of life. But Turgenev could not lead his hero to an “impersonal life”: the author of Fathers and Sons had a different attitude.

According to the writer, in order to survive the dramatic awareness of his mortal destiny against the backdrop of the eternal life of nature, a person must, in spite of everything, continue to be a person, retain in himself "a huge tension of the personal beginning", be like a bird flying uncontrollably forward. But not the one with which Arkady Bazarov compares, striving for a "nest", for an ordinary human existence, peace, comfort.)

V. Summary of the lesson

Bazarov is a homeless wanderer striving for an unattainable goal. And isn't this lofty impulse towards the unattainable romantic? Bazarov, who denies external romanticism, is a romantic person in his spiritual essence.

The path to Bazarov's goal - "a bitter, tart, bean life" - is a conscious, personal choice of the hero, leading him out of the ranks of ordinary people, making him the chosen one. So to recognize the finiteness of one's being, as Turgenev's Bazarov does, is not given to everyone, but only to an unusually strong personality, in which the spirit triumphs, a personality that is internally free. But why does the life of Turgenev's most interesting and controversial hero end so unhappily, mediocrely? We'll talk about this in the next lesson.

Homework

Think about the question: why does the novel "Fathers and Sons" end with the death of the protagonist?

What is the essence of Bazarov's nihilism

What is the essence of Bazarov's nihilism? The novel "Fathers and Sons" is directed against the nobility. This is not the only work of Turgenev written in this spirit (remember, for example, "Notes of a Hunter"), but it is especially distinguished by the fact that in it the writer denounced not individual nobles, but the entire class of landowners, proved his inability to lead Russia forward, completed it ideological destruction.

Why did this work appear in the early 60s of the 19th century? The defeat in the Crimean War, the predatory reform of 1861 confirmed the decline of the nobility, its failure to govern Russia. In "Fathers and Sons" it is shown that the old, degenerate morality is giving way, albeit with difficulty, to a new, revolutionary, progressive one. The bearer of this new morality is the protagonist of the novel, Evgeny Vasilyevich Bazarov. This young man from the commoners, seeing the decline of the ruling classes and the state, takes the path of nihilism, that is, negation.

What does Bazarov deny? "Everything," he says. And everything is what relates to the minimum needs of man and to the knowledge of nature through personal experience, through experiments. Bazarov looks at things from the point of view of their practical benefits. His motto: "Nature is not a temple, but a workshop, and man is a worker in it."

Eugene does not recognize authorities, conventions, love, religion, autocracy. But he does not look for followers and does not fight against what he denies. This, in my opinion, is a very important feature of Bazarov's nihilism. This nihilism is directed inward, Eugene does not care whether he is understood and recognized or not. Bazarov does not hide his convictions, but he is not a preacher either.

One of the features of nihilism in general is the denial of spiritual and material values.

Bazarov is very unpretentious. He cares little about the fashion of his clothes, about the beauty of his face and body, he does not seek to get money in any way. What he has is enough for him. The opinion of society about his material condition does not bother him. Bazarov's disregard for material values ​​elevates him in my eyes. This trait is a sign of strong and intelligent people. The denial of spiritual values ​​by Yevgeny Vasilyevich is disappointing. Calling spirituality "romanticism" and "nonsense", he despises people - its bearers.

"A decent chemist is twenty times more useful than a high poet," says Bazarov. He mocks Arkady's father, who plays the cello and reads Pushkin, Arkady himself, who loves nature, and Pavel Petrovich, who threw his life at the feet of his beloved woman.

It seems to me that Bazarov denies music, poetry, love, beauty out of inertia, not really understanding these things. He reveals a complete ignorance of literature (“Nature evokes the silence of a dream,” Pushkin said, and so on) and inexperience in love. Love for Odintsova, most likely the first in his life, was in no way consistent with the ideas of Eugene, which infuriated him. But, despite what happened to him, Bazarov did not change his former views on love and took up arms against her even more. This is a confirmation of Eugene's stubbornness and his commitment to his ideas. So, there are no values ​​for Bazarov, and this is the reason for his cynicism.

Bazarov likes to emphasize his adamance to authorities. He believes only in what he saw and felt himself. Although Eugene claims that he does not recognize other people's opinions, he says that German scientists are his teachers. I don't think this is a contradiction. The Germans, of whom he speaks, and Bazarov himself are like-minded, and he and others do not recognize authorities, so why should not Yevgeny trust these people? The fact that even a person like him has teachers is natural: it is impossible to know everything on your own, you need to rely on the knowledge already acquired by someone.

The Bazarovsky mindset, constantly searching, doubting, inquiring, can be a model for a person striving for knowledge.

Bazarov is a nihilist, and we respect him for this as well. But in the words of the hero of another Turgenev's novel, Rudin, "skepticism has always been marked by futility and impotence." These words are applicable to Evgeny Vasilyevich. Yes, you have to build. - It's none of our business... First we need to clear the place.

Bazarov's weakness is that, while denying, he does not offer anything in return. Bazarov is a destroyer, not a creator. His nihilism is naive and maximalist, but nevertheless it is valuable and necessary. It is generated by the noble ideal of Bazarov - the ideal of a strong, intelligent, courageous and moral person.

Bazarov has such a feature that he belongs to two different generations. The first is the generation of the time in which he lived. Eugene is typical of this generation, like any smart commoner, striving for knowledge of the world and confident in the degeneration of the nobility. The second is the generation of a very distant future. Bazarov was a utopian: he called for living not according to principles, but according to feelings. This is an absolutely true way of life, but then, in the 19th century, and even now it is impossible.

Society is too corrupt to produce uncorrupted people, that's all. "Fix society and there will be no disease." Bazarov is absolutely right in this, but he did not think that it was not so easy to do this. I am sure that a person who lives not according to someone's invented rules, but according to his natural feelings, according to his conscience, is a person of the future. Therefore, Bazarov belongs to some extent to the generation of his distant descendants.

Bazarov gained fame among readers due to his unusual views on life, the ideas of nihilism. This nihilism is immature, naive, even aggressive and stubborn, but it is still useful as a means of making society wake up, look back, look ahead and think where it is going.

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The idea of ​​Turgenev's novel "Fathers and Sons" came to the author in 1860, when he was vacationing in the summer on the Isle of Wight. The writer compiled a list of actors, among whom was the nihilist Bazarov. This article is devoted to the characteristics of this character. You will find out whether Bazarov is really a nihilist, what influenced the formation of his character and worldview, and what are the positive and negative features of this hero.

Initial author's description of Bazarov

How did Turgenev portray his hero? The author initially presented this character as a nihilist, self-confident, not without cynicism and abilities. He lives small, despises the people, although he knows how to talk with them. Eugene does not recognize the "artistic element". The nihilist Bazarov knows a lot, is energetic, and in his essence is "a barren subject." Eugene is proud and independent. Thus, at first this character was conceived as an angular and sharp figure, devoid of spiritual depth and "artistic element". Already in the process of working on the novel, Ivan Sergeevich became interested in the hero, learned to understand him, and was imbued with sympathy for Bazarov. To some extent, he even began to justify the negative traits of his character.

Yevgeny Bazarov as a representative of the generation of the 1860s

The nihilist Bazarov, despite all his spirit of denial and harshness, is a typical representative of the generation of the 60s of the 19th century, the diverse democratic intelligentsia. This is an independent person who does not want to bow to authorities. The nihilist Bazarov is accustomed to subjecting everything to the judgment of reason. The hero provides a clear theoretical basis for his negation. He explains the social diseases and imperfections of people by the nature of society. Eugene says that moral ailments come from a bad upbringing. All sorts of trifles with which people's heads are stuffed from an early age play an important role in this. It was precisely this position that the domestic democrats-enlighteners of the 1860s adhered to.

The revolutionary outlook of Bazarov

Nevertheless, in the work, criticizing and explaining the world, he tries to radically change it. Partial improvements in life, its minor corrections cannot satisfy him. The hero says that it is not worth the trouble to "just talk" about the shortcomings of society. He resolutely demands a change in the very foundations, the complete destruction of the existing system. Turgenev saw a manifestation of revolutionism. He wrote that if Eugene is considered a nihilist, then this means that he is also a revolutionary. At that time in Russia the spirit of rejection of the entire old, obsolete feudal world was closely connected with the spirit of the people. Evgeny Bazarov's nihilism eventually became destructive and all-encompassing. It is no coincidence that this hero, in a conversation with Pavel Petrovich, says that he blames his convictions in vain. After all, Bazarov's nihilism is associated with the people's spirit, and Kirsanov stands up just in his name.

Bazarov's denial

Turgenev, embodying the progressive features of youth in the image of Yevgeny Bazarov, as Herzen noted, showed some injustice in relation to an experienced realistic view. Herzen believes that Ivan Sergeevich mixed it with "boastful" and "rude" materialism. Yevgeny Bazarov says that he adheres to a negative direction in everything. He is "pleased to deny". The author, emphasizing Yevgeny's skeptical attitude towards poetry and art, shows a characteristic feature characteristic of a number of representatives of progressive democratic youth.

Ivan Sergeevich truthfully portrays the fact that Yevgeny Bazarov, hating everything noble, extended his hatred to all poets who came from this environment. This attitude automatically extended to other artists as well. This feature was also characteristic of many young people of that time. I.I. Mechnikov, for example, said that the opinion spread among the younger generation that only positive knowledge can lead to progress, while art and other manifestations of spiritual life can only hinder it. That is why Bazarov is a nihilist. He believes only in science - physiology, physics, chemistry - and does not accept everything else.

Evgeny Bazarov - a hero of his time

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev created his work even before the abolition of serfdom. At this time, revolutionary sentiments were growing among the people. Ideas of destruction and negation of the old order were brought to the fore. The old principles and authorities were losing their influence. Bazarov says that now it is most useful to deny, which is why the nihilists deny. The author saw Evgeny Bazarov as a hero of his time. After all, he is the embodiment of this denial. However, it must be said that Eugene's nihilism is not absolute. He does not deny what has been verified by practice and experience. First of all, this applies to work, which Bazarov considers the vocation of every person. The nihilist in Fathers and Sons is convinced that chemistry is a useful science. He believes that the basis of the worldview of each person should be a materialistic understanding of the world.

Eugene's attitude towards pseudo-democrats

Ivan Sergeevich does not show this hero as the leader of the provincial nihilists, such as, for example, Evdokia Kukshina and the farmer Sitnikov. For Kukshina, even Yevgeny Bazarov is a backward woman who understands the emptiness and insignificance of such pseudo-democrats. Their environment is alien to him. Nevertheless, Eugene is also skeptical about popular forces. But it was precisely on them that the revolutionary democrats of his day pinned their main hopes.

Negative aspects of Bazarov's nihilism

It can be noted that Bazarov's nihilism, despite many positive aspects, also has negative ones. It contains the danger of discouragement. Moreover, nihilism can turn into superficial skepticism. It can even transform into cynicism. Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev, thus, astutely noted in Bazarov not only positive aspects, but also negative ones. He also showed what, under certain circumstances, could develop to the extreme and lead to dissatisfaction with life and loneliness.

Nevertheless, as K.A. Timiryazev, an outstanding Russian scientist-democrat, in the image of Bazarov, the author embodied only the traits of a type that were outlined at that time, which, despite all the "secondary shortcomings", showed concentrated energy. It was thanks to her that the Russian naturalist managed in a short time to take an honorable place both at home and abroad.

Now you know why Bazarov is called a nihilist. Turgenev in the image of this character used the technique of the so-called secret psychology. Ivan Sergeevich presented the nature of Yevgeny, the spiritual evolution of his hero through the life trials that fell to his lot.

What is the essence of Bazarov's nihilism? The novel "Fathers and Sons" is directed against the nobility. This is not the only work of Turgenev written in this spirit (remember, for example, "Notes of a Hunter"), but it is especially distinguished by the fact that in it the writer denounced not individual nobles, but the entire class of landowners, proved his inability to lead Russia forward, completed it ideological destruction. Why did this work appear in the early 60s of the 19th century? The defeat in the Crimean War, the predatory reform of 1861 confirmed the decline of the nobility, its failure to govern Russia. In "Fathers and Sons" it is shown that the old, degenerate morality is giving way, albeit with difficulty, to a new, revolutionary, progressive one. The bearer of this new morality is the protagonist of the novel, Evgeny Vasilyevich Bazarov. This young man from the commoners, seeing the decline of the ruling classes and the state, takes the path of nihilism, that is, negation. What does Bazarov deny? "Everything," he says. And everything is what relates to the minimum needs of man and to the knowledge of nature through personal experience, through experiments. Bazarov looks at things from the point of view of their practical benefits. His motto: "Nature is not a temple, but a workshop, and man is a worker in it." Eugene does not recognize authorities, conventions, love, religion, autocracy. But he does not look for followers and does not fight against what he denies. This, in my opinion, is a very important feature of Bazarov's nihilism. This nihilism is directed inward, Eugene does not care whether he is understood and recognized or not. Bazarov does not hide his convictions, but he is not a preacher either. One of the features of nihilism in general is the denial of spiritual and material values. Bazarov is very unpretentious. He cares little about the fashion of his clothes, about the beauty of his face and body, he does not seek to get money in any way. What he has is enough for him. The opinion of society about his material condition does not bother him. Bazarov's disregard for material values ​​elevates him in my eyes. This trait is a sign of strong and intelligent people. The denial of spiritual values ​​by Yevgeny Vasilyevich is disappointing. Calling spirituality "romanticism" and "nonsense", he despises people - its bearers. "A decent chemist is twenty times more useful than a high poet," says Bazarov. He mocks Arkady's father, who plays the cello and reads Pushkin, Arkady himself, who loves nature, and Pavel Petrovich, who threw his life at the feet of his beloved woman. It seems to me that Bazarov denies music, poetry, love, beauty out of inertia, not really understanding these things. He reveals a complete ignorance of literature (“Nature evokes the silence of a dream,” Pushkin said, and so on) and inexperience in love. Love for Odintsova, most likely the first in his life, was in no way consistent with the ideas of Eugene, which infuriated him. But, despite what happened to him, Bazarov did not change his former views on love and took up arms against her even more. This is a confirmation of Eugene's stubbornness and his commitment to his ideas. So, there are no values ​​for Bazarov, and this is the reason for his cynicism. Bazarov likes to emphasize his adamance to authorities. He believes only in what he saw and felt himself. Although Eugene claims that he does not recognize other people's opinions, he says that German scientists are his teachers. I don't think this is a contradiction. The Germans, of whom he speaks, and Bazarov himself are like-minded, and he and others do not recognize authorities, so why should not Yevgeny trust these people? The fact that even a person like him has teachers is natural: it is impossible to know everything on your own, you need to rely on the knowledge already acquired by someone. The Bazarovsky mindset, constantly searching, doubting, inquiring, can be a model for a person striving for knowledge. Bazarov is a nihilist, and we respect him for this as well. But in the words of the hero of another Turgenev's novel, Rudin, "skepticism has always been marked by futility and impotence." These words are applicable to Evgeny Vasilyevich. Yes, you have to build. - It's none of our business. First you need to clear the place. Bazarov's weakness is that, while denying, he does not offer anything in return. Bazarov is a destroyer, not a creator. His nihilism is naive and maximalist, but nevertheless it is valuable and necessary. It is generated by the noble ideal of Bazarov - the ideal of a strong, intelligent, courageous and moral person. Bazarov has such a feature that he belongs to two different generations. The first is the generation of the time in which he lived. Eugene is typical of this generation, like any smart commoner, striving for knowledge of the world and confident in the degeneration of the nobility. The second is the generation of a very distant future. Bazarov was a utopian: he called for living not according to principles, but according to feelings. This is an absolutely true way of life, but then, in the 19th century, and even now it is impossible. Society is too corrupt to produce uncorrupted people, that's all. "Fix society and there will be no disease." Bazarov is absolutely right in this, but he did not think that it was not so easy to do this. I am sure that a person who lives not according to someone's invented rules, but according to his natural feelings, according to his conscience, is a person of the future. Therefore, Bazarov belongs to some extent to the generation of his distant descendants. Bazarov gained fame among readers due to his unusual views on life, the ideas of nihilism. This nihilism is immature, naive, even aggressive and stubborn, but it is still useful as a means of making society wake up, look back, look ahead and think where it is going.

Fathers and sons: WHAT IS THE ESSENCE OF BAZAROV'S NIHILISM

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The scum of nihilism

Nihilism (from Latin nihil - nothing) is a worldview position, expressed in the denial of the meaningfulness of human existence, the significance of generally accepted moral and cultural values; non-recognition of any authorities.

For the first time, a person preaching nihilism was presented in Turgenev's novel Fathers and Sons. Evgeny Bazarov adhered to this ideological position. Bazarov is a nihilist, that is, a person who does not bow to any authorities, who does not take a single principle on faith. Indeed, Bazarov denies the entire existing system of Russia, religion, dilapidated morality, noble culture, popular prejudices. There are characters in the novel who share the views of Bazarov. However, Turgenev shows a profound difference between the main character and his “followers”. Sitnikov and Kukshina are simply caricatures, the figure of Arkady Kirsanov is more complicated.

“Sitnikov is a “student” of Bazarov, as he calls himself. He is a young man with an "unsettling dull tension in the 'small features of his sleek face'." On the streets of the city *** Sitnikov literally rushes at Bazarov and Arkady and invites them to Evdoxia Kukshina - an "emancipated" woman, according to Sitnikov, "an unusually interesting nature." Both Sitnikov and Kukshina consider themselves nihilists. In Kukshina's house, the mistress of the house herself and Sitnikov get drunk, begin to seriously talk about marriage, human individuality ... In our eyes, this comparison helps to understand even more deeply the characters of the real heroes of the time, the drama of their lives.

Unlike Bazarov, Kukshina and Sitnikov do not know self-sacrifice, the ability to "step on the throat of one's own song." They benefit from nihilistic "principles". They help mask the inner human inferiority. For Sitnikov, this is shame for himself as the son of a tax-farmer - a man who got rich by selling “datura in a tavern” to peasants. Kukshina has a consciousness of a failed female fate, a lack of beauty and taste. Finally, you can come to the ball in "dirty gloves", it is allowed to smoke! Thanks to nihilism, Sitnikov established himself in the idea that "he should not recognize the authorities" of his rich father, Avdotya Nikitishna found an excuse to live separately from "her faithful." But, having got rid of everyday rules and authorities, Sitnikov and Kukshina did not escape the worst - spiritual slavery. The names of philosophers, social scientists, chemists whom they worship are full of on the pages of the novel. Kukshina gathered in Heidelberg. What for? “Excuse me, there is Bunsen (a famous chemist)! - Evdoksia exclaims with such enthusiasm that even Bazarov "did not find anything to answer." A minute later, she proudly says: “Pierre Sapozhnikov. you know him? Have mercy, Pierre Sapozhnikov. he still always visits Lydia Khostatova. “But Macaulay himself…”, “…Read better Michelet's book…”. All this Eudoxia says, "languidly dropping her hand on the crumpled sofa cushion", tired of her own enlightenment. But she, “like Sitnikov, always scratched her soul” from fear of seeming backward. This unnaturalness is reflected in the manner of behavior. “Involuntarily I wanted to ask her: “What are you doing?” Next to such “like-minded people”, Bazarov’s independence, spiritual integrity appears even more visibly. He has the right to proudly say: "I do not share anyone's opinions: I have my own."

Kirsanov Arkady Nikolaevich - a young nobleman, friend and student of Bazarov. But, unlike Bazarov, his passion for nihilism is superficial. A.K. attract in this doctrine a sense of freedom, independence from traditions and authorities, the right to self-confidence and audacity. The hero does not think about the essence of "nihilism". In addition, A.K. good-natured, unsophisticated, simple and very attached to noble values, lifestyle, etc. At first, largely under the influence of Bazarov, A.K. hides his true qualities, strive to imitate his idol - Bazarov.

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Nihilism of Bazarov (based on the novel by I.A. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons")

The strength and weakness of Bazarov's nihilism (based on the novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons")

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